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A while back BostonDissentator asked for opinions on education. It was his contention that education is the single most important domestic political issue, and I would not immediately disagree. But for a moment, I'd like to consider an odd, and probably terribly unpopular position on education. I do so not to be overtly contentious, as some accuse me, nor to "spleen" my thoughtful and eloquent colleague, the Boston Dissentator, nor to rouse the indignant spirit of our Southern dispatch, the Virginia Dissentator, nor even really to push any specific policy. Rather, I'll meander tentatively down an intellectual side-alley, not often marked, let alone traveled, in the hopes of shedding some new light on our current thinking about education and maybe say a thing or two about it's role in modern political issues.

It's long been conventional wisdom that education is both the fuel of the economy and the antidote to bigotry, aggression, and fear. I believe a lot of the modern sentiment on education comes from Rousseau's famous quote "man must be forced to be free." Forced through education. This enlightenment belief is readily appropriated by republicans and democrats alike, though usually in divergent ways: The republicans will call for more education to increase national productivity (fuel of the economy) while democrats will tout the intangible benefits of liberal educations (antidote to bigotry). And probably, they are both right. Education increases productivity and acceptance. But is there no end? How productive and accepting can we get? And is there no cost? Why do we crave more and better education, and is there any reason why we shouldn't?

I'd like to offer two diagnosis for why we crave education and then two reasons why education may not be the universal good we often take it for.

Firstly, I think people mistakenly separate political problems into disparate arenas, when really the political world, like the economy, is a complicated interwoven web where everything is related to everything. People siphon-off education as a stand-alone problem and then assume that if they throw enough money at it, they can crack the whole system. Education is an attractive issue to focus on because it's charge is so rewarding: what could be more heart-warming than educating our children? But are we sure that education is really the root of everything. Does improving education improve race relations, or does improving race relations improve education? Does equality of education close the gender gap, or does closing the gender gap produce equality in education? As far as I know, these questions have not been solved conclusively.

Secondly, and this may be the most cynical part of my position, I think the drive for education has been mixed up with the modern American obsession with competition, productivity, and soulless drive for an empty notion of success. A college education is now held up as the necessary achievement of a successful person. And not just any college education. It has to be the best college education. Why? Is college so great that one could not succeed without one. Plenty of very successful people have got along just fine in this world without a college education. Whatsmore, college is not for everyone. The rigid structure of papers and tests can be too much for people. Or the lack of structured time can cause straight-forward minds to flounder. Or maybe someone just doesn't take instruction well and is better left to their own devises. There are any number of reasons college may not be the best place for someone, but it is thoroughly ingrained that children must go to college. I think this a dangerous belief that belies a national obsession with control. Is that too cynical?

Well, maybe it is. Maybe college and education in general is the greatest thing ever and everyone should go. But here are two widely discussed theories for why education might not be the greatest thing ever.

Firstly, from the Economist Michael Spence, we have learned that productive education is theoretically indistinguishable from a useless sorting mechanism. That is, if education did really enhance peoples' human capital (made them smarter) people would end up earning the same income as if they were born with innate ability and degrees and diplomas served merely to divide the productive people from the nonproductive people for employers. The concept is called signaling, and Spence won a Nobel prize for it.

Secondly, there are some sociological theories floating around that suggest the productive value of formal education is not primarily to develop human capital, but rather to teach a common set of practices and values so that the rich can identify their own. Now, I don't want anybody calling me a Marxist for that last sentence. I've never even fired a gun. But I do think that we could definitely be more self-aware in this country about the subtle ways that we perpetuate class divisions, despite our adamant denial of class systems and fervent belief in equal opportunity. I think education may be a particularly insidious form of this classism. I think I will have to make this discussion a separate post.

So there is my most-likely terribly unpopular comments on education. To divest myself of responsibility for them, I'd like to repeat that I am not advocating any policy. And I am most certainly, not, in anyway, against education, or teachers, or anything like that. College was great. Best seven years of my life. I just want to propose that there may be some other ways of thinking about it.

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BostonDissentator said...

You raise many interesting points here.

First off, I want to emphasize that my earlier post on education was close to if not 100% referring to primary and secondary education, while your post is about higher education.

When you say "How productive and accepting can we get?...Why do we crave more and better education, and is there any reason why we shouldn't?" I would say that we should crave (and be disgusted at the lack of) better education for those in this country either not in school or "enrolled in" the lowest quality schools. I would also say that we should crave better education for those at the highest quality schools, including higher education, a point which I will come back to a few lines down.

As far as money being able to crack the educational system, I am a firm believer that this is a huge part of the solution: how else are you going to attract the best and smartest people to give up the opportunity to earn 4, 5, etc times as much and be more respected by society by entering to the corporate world and dedicating their lives to maximizing shareholder value? Of course the problem with this is that there are real resource constraints, and I guess it's fair to assume that all government employees (police, social workers, etc) are appallingly underpaid, so raising public school teacher salaries to $100K a year may not be feasible, of course maybe it is, who knows, our government seems to spend a lot of money these days.

As far as the questions "Does improving education improve race relations, or does improving race relations improve education? Does equality of education close the gender gap, or does closing the gender gap produce equality in education?" I would say that improving race relations improves all social interactions among different races, and closing the gender gap improves the lives of half of the world's population (and not necessarily at the expense of the other half), and improving the education of minority races and women is one way to improve the above objectives.

Where you start talking about the usefulness of college, I agree that it is not necessarily a must for everyone in the world. One reason I think college is extremely beneficial is that you get a chance to live in a new place and meet lots of new people you wouldn't otherwise meet, and you learn from these experiences, which not only builds knowledge but also character and awareness about the world.

The line from Spence is just taking one side in the nature versus nurture debate.

Lastly I come to your "Marxist" comment, where I will, as promised, come back to my claim that we should crave better education in the best private schools and universities. If you believe that education is one means through which capitalist society preserves unjust and predetermined class heirarchies, I would say that the solution is to reform education, not to refuse to participate in it. This is along the same lines as the notion that if you think society is messed up, we should see what we can do to reform society, not go live in the forest, because if we really care about humanity, we cannot be happy in our serenity with the birds and the crickets, knowing that injustices are flourishing and humans are causing other humans to suffer and we are not doing anything about it.

You say that "we could definitely be more self-aware in this country about the subtle ways that we perpetuate class divisions, despite our adamant denial of class systems and fervent belief in equal opportunity." Well, I say, how are we supposed to make everyone more self-aware? You say, "education may be a particularly insidious form of this classism." Well then, let us reform education.

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